Salary Vs. Dividends

We work with business owners from across Canada and we are often asked about the difference between salary and dividends. If you own a business through a corporation, you have the ability to pay yourself a salary or dividends or a combination of both.

This article will look at the difference between salary and dividends and discuss the main advantages and disadvantages of each. We will also see some common scenarios for when a business owner may choose one method over the other.

🎥 If you would rather have Joe explain it, check out the video below 👇

Paying Yourself a Salary / Wages

We'll first look at paying yourself a salary.  We'll use the terms "salary," "wages," and "employment income" to mean the same thing here.

It's all the same and you will receive a T4 to report your employment earnings on your personal income tax return.

Type of Transaction - Salary / Wages

If you are paying yourself a salary or wage (same thing), the payments become an expense within the corporation. The income earned by you will be considered employment income for which you'll receive a T4.

The expense in the company reduces the corporation’s taxable income which reduces corporate taxes owing.

How to Pay Yourself a Salary

To pay yourself a wage, the corporation will need to register a payroll account with CRA. Each time you are paid, the corporation will need to withhold source deductions (CPP and Income Tax) from your pay.

These source deductions are then remitted to the Receiver General (CRA) on a regular basis. In addition, each year the corporation must prepare and file T4s for any employees that earned wages.

For more information on how payroll works, we wrote a step-by-step guide on how to run payroll in Canada. After reading this, you should have no problem paying yourself a salary.

Why Choose Salary / Wages

Paying yourself a salary can be a way for you to earn a steady and predictable personal income. Let's look at some key advantages when paying yourself a salary.

Wages Create RRSP Contribution Room

Paying yourself a wage will allow you to build RRSP contribution room, whereas paying yourself via dividends does not. This is an important consideration if you are wanting to continue investing through your RRSP.  

If you pay yourself solely through dividends, you won't continue to build contribution room and you may not be able to continue investing in your RRSP.

Wages Allow for CPP Contributions

This is a double edged sword. Wages will allow you to contribute to the Canada Pension Plan (dividends do not).

This means you will benefit in the future when you collect CPP, but it also means that the CPP contributions are a cost for you and for the corporation.

It boils down to less cash now because of CPP deductions and CPP expense in the company, but more cash later when you collect CPP when you are older.

Wages Create Fewer Surprise Tax Bills

When paying yourself a salary, income tax is withheld from each payment and remitted to the Receiver General. This means that when you file your personal tax return you will have already paid income tax on your income.

This helps you to avoid surprise personal tax bills once you file your return. When paying dividends, income tax isn’t withheld and remitted at each payment. This often creates personal taxes owing in April when you go to file your return.

The surprise tax bill is a common scenario that we see, especially with those who are new to paying themselves through dividends.

If you find it difficult to save money and would hate to see a $10,000+ personal tax bill in April, then wages could be the way to go.

Wages Are Good When Applying for a Mortgage

When you are attempting to qualify for a mortgage, banks like to see steady, predictable income.

Earning employment income like this will help show that steady income, whereas dividend income may not be looked at as favorably.

This consideration is often overlooked by accountants because they can be so concerned with minimizing tax. If you are considering buying a home in the next two years, then it may be good to also consider paying yourself a salary.

Wages Can Help Qualify for Government Subsidies and Tax Credits

There are a number of tax credits and government subsidies that require the payment of wages as eligibility criteria.

Notably, the Canadian Emergency Wage Subsidy that was created during the COVID-19 pandemic required a business to be previously registered for a payroll account to be able to qualify.

Some personal tax credits like the Canada Workers Benefit require that you have earned employment income to receive the tax credit.

This factor alone may not be enough to sway your decision, but it is a benefit of paying yourself a salary instead of a dividend.

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If you're paying yourself wages and need to keep track of expenses better, it may also be a good time to simplify and automate your small business bookkeeping.

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Dividends

Type of Transaction - Dividends

Dividends are payments to shareholders of a corporation that are paid from the after tax earnings of the company.

This means that dividends are not a corporate expense and do not reduce the corporate taxes paid.

The flip side is that dividends carry less personal tax liability than wages because they come with a dividend tax credit (more on tax differences below).  The additional corporate tax and reduced personal tax are meant to offset one another.

How to Pay Yourself Dividends

In practice, paying dividends to shareholders of a corporation is fairly easy. Dividends are declared and cash is transferred from the corporate account to a shareholder’s personal account in one or many transactions.

In practice, you'll often see corporate shareholders just take money out of the corporate account as needed and then a dividend is declared for the total amount once per year.

Then each year the corporation must prepare and file T5s for any shareholders who received dividends.

The tricky thing with dividends is that they are issued and paid based on share ownership.

For example, if Pied Piper Ltd. wants to issue $100,000 in dividends to the owners of its Class A common shares, it must do so based on percentage of ownership.

So, if Dinesh owns 30% of Pied Piper’s class A shares and Richard owns the other 70%, then Dinesh would receive $30,000 and Richard would receive $70,000.

This can make it difficult to allocate different amounts of income to multiple shareholders if they all own the same class of shares.

For a more detailed look at this topic, check out our article on corporate share structure.

Why Choose Dividends

Paying dividends can be a simple way for business owners to withdraw money from their corporation. Let's look at these advantages next.

Dividends May Reduce Cost Compared to Wages

Paying dividends removes the need to contribute to CPP, which reduces corporate and personal costs. As of 2022, CPP costs employers 5.7% on the first $64,900 of wages per employee. It also costs employees 5.7% on their first $64,900 of earnings.

This means if a business owner pays himself $65,000 on wages, the total CPP cost is just under $7,000!

Here's the calculation just for "fun"

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The downside to this story is that dividends do not allow you to contribute to the Canada Pension Plan which will reduce the amount of Canada Pension you can collect in your old age.

More cash now, less cash later.

Dividends are Simple Compared to Wages

If you own 100% of your corporation, you can just declare a dividend and transfer cash from the company to your personal account. Or, what's more common in practice is just take cash as you need it and then declare a dividend for the total amount once per year.

There's no need to register for payroll and remit source deductions.  You will still have to file a T5 once per year, but it really isn't that difficult.

Dividends Mean Less Chance of Late Filing Penalties

With dividends, you won't need to make consistent payroll remittances like you do with wages.

Payroll remittances are relentless. Usually they have to be paid each month and late payments come with stiff penalties.

Paying dividends eliminates the chance of late or missed payroll remittances. That being said, filing of T5s must be completed on-time once per year when paying dividends.

For those who know they will struggle to make payroll remittances on-time, dividends may be the right choice.

Dividends Create Less Employer Health Tax Cost

In a few Canadian Provinces (BC, MB and ON), some businesses must pay employer health tax. This tax is calculated based on wages paid to employees.

Typically the tax only applies to wages and not dividends, so businesses can avoid or reduce the amount of employer health tax paid by paying owners in dividends instead of wages.

This is another item that shouldn't be the sole factor considered in your decision, but it is worth noting.

Learn more about Employer Health Tax in BC here.

Which Method Creates Less Tax?

(Spoiler - the answer is "it depends")

Ok, so the most common question we get about salary vs. dividends is “which method allows me to pay less tax?”. This is an important question, but changes to legislation that took effect at the beginning of 2018 have made it more difficult to reduce taxes by choosing one method or the other.

I’ve listed this question down here instead of at the top because I think it is more important to first understand and consider the issues listed above before comparing various wage and dividend models for tax savings. Often, the results of calculations show fairly minimal tax savings one way or another, and there is a reason for that.

Integration

There is a tax concept called integration that legislation aims to implement. The idea is that there should be little to no difference in the overall income tax paid (personal tax + corporate tax) when comparing dividend payments and wage payments of the same amount. How this works:

• Wages reduce corporate taxes but create higher personal taxes than dividends.
• Dividends do not reduce corporate taxes, but create less personal taxes than wages.

Dividend Sprinkling

In the past, corporate shareholders could skirt the issue of integration and tip the scales of tax savings in their direction by using a technique called dividend sprinkling. This was accomplished by spreading out dividend payments to a lower income earning spouse or adult family member. Because the spouse or adult family member are in a lower tax bracket than the person operating the business, there would be less personal tax to pay on their dividend income.

Now that it is more difficult to implement dividend sprinkling, it is especially important to consider the qualitative factors discussed earlier when deciding which method of payment to use.

Learn more about the limitations of dividend sprinkling on our article about Tax on Split Income (TOSI).

Calculating and Comparing Taxes

Although there may not be as much in tax savings to be had as in the past, we can still do some simple calculations to help determine whether dividends or wages are more tax efficient.

The idea is to calculate the total taxes (corporate + personal) that would be paid if dividends were used and compare that with the total taxes that would be paid if wages were used.

You can use a tool like the WealthSimple Tax Calculator to estimate personal taxes, and you will also need your corporate tax rate to estimate corporate taxes.

Here are a couple of examples using real world tax rates comparing the costs of paying yourself a salary vs. paying dividends.

You can see that dividends ended up being the less expensive option when owner compensation was $100k

Then in this next example, wages were the less costly option when owner compensation was $150k.

These are generic and simplified examples that don't take everything into consideration. I don't recommend applying these generic examples to your own situation. There are some other factors that could affect the outcome that haven't been considered here.

Common Scenarios

Lastly, let’s look at a few common scenarios that we see and discuss what you might consider as a business owner in each case.

• Bad at Administrative Tasks - If making payments on time is a weakness that you have, then it may be easier and less costly to pay yourself using dividends. Wages require the regular, on-time payment of source deductions. If source deduction payments are missed or late, the penalties can add up quickly.
• Qualifying for Financing - If you plan on purchasing a home in the near future and know that you will need to qualify for a mortgage, it may be better to pay yourself as an employee (wages / salary). Banks like to see the steady income more than sporadic dividend payments.
• Having Children / Parental Leave - If you plan on having children sometime soon and you would like to earn Maternity or Parental Benefits, then it may be better to earn income through wages. This is because withholding and remitting employment insurance premiums can enable the employee to collect maternity or parental benefits.
• Paying Bonuses - Sometimes tax can be reduced or deferred by paying wages in the form of a bonus to business owners. This is a bit complicated and isn’t applicable in every scenario, but it’s important to know that the technique exists.
• Canada Workers Benefit - The Canada workers benefit is a refundable tax credit intended to provide tax relief for eligible working low-income individuals and families. It may be beneficial to pay yourself a small salary from your business to trigger this tax credit on your personal taxes. Consider this if you have low personal or family net income for the year.
• We can Help - There are a lot of moving pieces and things to consider when deciding to pay yourself through wages or dividends. Luckily we like talking about this stuff, so give us a shout if you have any questions.

Learn More

Interested in learning more about corporations in Canada?

• What about a holdco? We’ve written about what a holding company is used for in Canada.‍
• Not yet incorporated? Check out our article on whether or not you should incorporateor get the process started via Ownr (our affiliate link provides 20% off).
• Share Structure - Learn more about corporate share structure on our blog.

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